Stereoscopy, Brown Syndrome, and Duane Syndrome: A Literature Review

Stereoscopic is the ability to perceive visual objects in the depth dimension (in the third dimension). Having a stereoscopic vision is a goal to be achieved. Brown Syndrome is a of motility of of the of motility contractions of the and lateral rectus adduction of or eyes. Involved. Diagnosis and therapy performed depending on the underlying condition of the


Introduction
Stereoscopy or stereopsis occurs when the last 2 images of an object in front or behind the plane of fixation which has minor differences due to the horizontal separation of the eyes are cortically integrated, resulting in the perception of relative depth. 1 In other words, stereoscopy is the ability to perceive visual objects at a distance, the depth dimension (the third dimension), which occurs when horizontally different retinal images are stimulated simultaneously. 2,3 Having a stereoscopic vision is a goal to be achieved. Perfect stereoscopic or stereopsis will help precise and accurate hand movements. Both children and adults with stereoscopic dysfunction will perform poorly on some visuomotor activities compared to their counterparts with normal stereo acuity. 4,5 Brown Syndrome is a rare form of strabismus in which ocular motility is impaired, characterized by restriction of adducting eye elevation. It is the most common cause of isolated paralysis of the inferior oblique muscle, one of the extraocular muscles responsible for ocular motility. [6][7][8] Duane Syndrome or Duane Retraction Syndrome is a spectrum of ocular motility disorders characterized by anomalous contractions of the medial and lateral rectus muscle in actual or attempted adduction of one or both the involved eyes; this co-contraction causes the eyeball to recoil. 1,[9][10] Stereoscopy Stereoscopy is the ability to perceive visual objects at a distance, the depth dimension (the third dimension), which occurs when horizontally different retinal images are stimulated simultaneously. 2,3 The mechanism of stereoscopic/stereopsis occurs in that the object we see falls on two retinas, which have a slight difference due to the horizontal distance between the left eye and right eye, thus integrating cortically and forming depth perception. After two eyes can see the image separately, the brain then combines the resulting images, which is called the fusion process. The next process is analysis. The brain then analyzes the object in the image in one eye and compares it to the other. By observing subtle differences in the two images generated based on the distance between our eyes, the brain creates a 3D perception in the visual cortex. 4 where the patient needs to wear anaglyph glasses. 4,12 The total absence of stereoscopic vision is called stereo-blindness, and partial dysfunction has several names: stereo-impairment, stereo anomaly, or stereo deficiency. Stereo-blindness is the inability to see 3D shapes using stereoscopic vision, which makes them unable to perceive stereoscopic depth by combining and comparing an object from both eyes. 4,13 The prevalence of stereo-blindness in the general population ranges from 1% to 64%. Adrien Chopin

Conclusion
Stereoscopic is the ability to perceive visual objects in the depth dimension (in the third dimension).
Having a stereoscopic vision is a goal to be achieved.
Brown Syndrome is a rare form of strabismus in which an ocular motility disorder is characterized by restriction of the elevation of the adducted eye, whereas Duane Syndrome is a spectrum of eye motility disorders characterized by anomalous contractions of the medial and lateral rectus muscles in actual or attempted adduction of one or both eyes involved.
Diagnosis and therapy are performed depending on the underlying condition of the disorder.